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Compare legal routes to work abroad: requirements, language, costs and minimum pay

Written by KarirAman editorial team Approved by Kaiser Khan (editor), Updated

Compare legal work routes for Indonesians in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and more: language tests, visas, cost rules and minimum pay.

Summary

  • The table lists only legal routes whose pages KarirAman has checked within the time limit stated above the table.
  • The pay floors in the table are the destination's official minimums, not the wages a recruiter offers.
  • The Best for column is KarirAman's editorial judgement, not an official requirement of the destination.
  • Indonesian migrant workers may not be charged placement costs (Law 18/2017, Article 30(1)); each route's cost rule is in the cost column.
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On this page
  1. How do the legal routes to work abroad compare?
  2. Who is this comparison of work abroad routes for?
  3. How do I read the route comparison table?
  4. What does the column on who pays placement costs mean?
  5. Japan, Korea or Taiwan: which legal route fits me?
  6. Which routes have the highest minimum wage?
  7. Where does the table's data come from, and what are its limits?
  8. How do I make sure the route I choose is really legal?

How do the legal routes to work abroad compare?

This table compares 36 legal routes we checked in the last 120 days: job types, language tests, visa, who bears placement costs, the official pay floor and each route's status.

Legal routes to work abroad, compared
Route and job typesLanguage testVisa or work permitWho pays placement costsOfficial pay floorStatusBest for
Australia: Skills in Demand visa (subclass 482) Core Skills stream: skilled jobs paying at least the Core Skills Income Threshold; Specialist Skills stream: jobs paying above the Specialist Skills Income Threshold; Labour Agreement stream No data yet Skills in Demand visa (subclass 482) There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. AUD 79,423.00 per year about IDR 989,372,708 in force from 1 July 2026 Department of Home Affairs, Australia Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Department of Home Affairs, Australia Experienced skilled workers with a job offer from a sponsoring employer in Australia Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Australia: Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) Temporary or casual work during a holiday, typically for a 12-month stay English test accepted by Australia for functional English: Functional English Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. AUD 26.44 per hour about IDR 329,363 in force from 1 July 2026 Fair Work Commission Bank Indonesia Ballot Status as of 8 October 2026 Department of Home Affairs, Australia Graduates or university students who want a working holiday in Australia Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Brunei Darussalam: formal jobs through a P3MI with the employer's foreign worker licence General workers in services and construction; Food and drink services: cooks, assistant cooks, baristas, beverage makers and bakers; Beauty care (beauticians) No data yet Foreign Worker Visa For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. No data yet Open Status as of 8 October 2026 KP2MI (SISKOP2MI) Food, drink, bakery, beauty or general workers recruited through a P3MI for jobs in Brunei Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Canada: Canada caregiver pilots (child care and home support) Child care workers; Home support workers No data yet No data yet There is no legal placement through this route, so any request for a placement fee is a red flag. No data yet Closed Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada Not for new applicants: this caregiver route is closed, and this page explains the facts Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Canada: Express Entry (permanent residence for skilled workers) Federal Skilled Worker: skilled work experience at TEER 0, 1, 2 or 3; Canadian Experience Class: skilled work experience in Canada; Federal Skilled Trades: workers qualified in a skilled trade IRCC-approved English or French test: CLB 7 for Federal Skilled Worker and Canadian Experience Class; Language test for Federal Skilled Trades: CLB 5 speaking and listening, CLB 4 reading and writing Permanent residence through Express Entry There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada Experienced skilled workers who want to settle permanently in Canada Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Germany: Ausbildung (in-company vocational training) Dual vocational trainee at a company, in an occupation regulated by the BBiG or HwO German: Proof of sufficient German for the training, unless the training provider checked it or you join a preparatory course Visum zur beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. EUR 724.00 per month about IDR 14,485,597 in force from 1 January 2026 Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de) Job seekers who want paid vocational training at a German company Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Germany: EU Blue Card (Blaue Karte EU) A job matching the qualification of a university graduate; Shortage occupations: including doctors, nursing professionals, vets, teachers, scientists and engineers, and ICT professionals (certain ISCO-08 groups) No data yet Visum Blaue Karte EU There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. EUR 45,934.20 per year about IDR 919,039,071 in force from 1 January 2026 Bundesministerium des Innern (Bundesanzeiger) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Bundesministerium des Innern (Bundesanzeiger) University graduates with a job offer that meets the German Blue Card salary threshold Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Germany: Opportunity Card (Chancenkarte) Part-time work averaging up to 20 hours a week and trial work of up to two weeks at a time, while looking for qualified work German: At least basic (einfache Kenntnisse); Or English: At least B2 Visum Chancenkarte There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. EUR 13.90 per hour about IDR 278,107 in force from 1 January 2026 Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de) Skilled workers with recognised qualifications who want to look for work in Germany Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Germany: Triple Win programme for nurses Nurse at a hospital, rehabilitation centre or elderly care home in Germany German when applying: An advantage, ideally B1; not required; German course in Bandung: A1 to B1, provided by the programme; German exam in Germany: Pass B2 to convert the work visa to a residence permit Visum Triple Win The employer bears placement costs; you pay only the components officially announced for this programme, such as exam fees. Everything else stays with the employer. EUR 13.90 per hour about IDR 278,107 in force from 1 January 2026 Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Zentrale Auslands- und Fachvermittlung (ZAV) Qualified nurses who want to work in Germany through the government-to-government Triple Win programme Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Hong Kong: Foreign domestic helper Domestic helper, following the schedule of domestic duties attached to the ID 407 contract No data yet Entry Visa for New Foreign Domestic Helper For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. HKD 5,220.00 per month about IDR 11,892,961 in force from 3 October 2026 Hong Kong SAR Government (Information Services Department press release) Labour Department, Hong Kong SAR Government Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Hong Kong SAR Government (Information Services Department press release) Experienced domestic workers ready to live in their employer's home in Hong Kong Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Japan: Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services (Gijinkoku) Engineers, for example in mechanical engineering; Translators and interpreters; Designers; Language teachers at private companies; Marketing; Information technology Proof of working-language ability (category 3 and 4 employers, jobs mainly using language): CEFR B2 equivalent; for Japanese, JLPT N2 or higher counts 技術・人文知識・国際業務 (Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services) Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. JPY 1,023 per hour to JPY 1,280 per hour, by area in force from 1 October 2026 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (厚生労働省) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration Services Agency of Japan (出入国在留管理庁) Graduates or specialists in engineering, languages or business with a job offer in Japan Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Japan: EPA programme for nurse and care worker candidates (G to G) Nurse candidate (kangoshi) at a hospital; Care worker candidate (kaigofukushishi) at an elderly care facility Japanese certificate equivalent to JLPT N5 from a licensed course provider: Required when registering; 6-month Japanese training in Indonesia: Must pass at N4 equivalent from the Japan Foundation 特定活動 (Designated Activities) The employer bears placement costs; you pay only the components officially announced for this programme, such as exam fees. Everything else stays with the employer. JPY 1,023 per hour to JPY 1,280 per hour, by area in force from 1 October 2026 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (厚生労働省) Open Status as of 8 October 2026 Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (KP2MI) Nursing graduates who want to work in Japan while preparing for the national nurse or care worker exam Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Japan: Specified Skilled Worker (i) Nursing care (kaigo); Industrial product manufacturing; Food and beverage manufacturing, including bread and pastry production; Airport ground handling and aircraft maintenance; Construction; Agriculture; Fishery and aquaculture; Accommodation (hotels); Building cleaning; Automobile repair and maintenance, and other fields among the 19 SSW fields Japan Foundation Test for Basic Japanese (JFT-Basic): Pass at the required level; Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT): N4 or higher 特定技能1号 (Specified Skilled Worker (i)) Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. JPY 1,023 per hour to JPY 1,280 per hour, by area in force from 1 October 2026 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (厚生労働省) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration Services Agency of Japan (出入国在留管理庁) Skilled workers who pass the SSW field skills test and the Japanese language test Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Japan: Technical Intern Training (TITP) Manufacturing; Construction; Agriculture; Fishery; Food processing; Nursing care; Building cleaning, and other trades on the technical intern training list TITP nursing care, on entry to Japan: Equivalent to JLPT N4; ESD (from 1 April 2027): JFT-Basic or JLPT N5: A1 or higher, or an equivalent language course; ESD nursing care: A2.2 or higher 技能実習 (Technical Intern Training) Through a government-recognised internship sending organisation. Check the programme-specific cost rules and written breakdown before paying. JPY 1,023 per hour to JPY 1,280 per hour, by area in force from 1 October 2026 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (厚生労働省) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration Services Agency of Japan (出入国在留管理庁) Trainees who want a technical internship in Japan through an official sending organisation Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Malaysia: Domestic worker through the One Channel System Domestic worker (foreign domestic helper) for household tasks No data yet Pas Lawatan (Kerja Sementara) For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration Department of Malaysia (Jabatan Imigresen Malaysia) Domestic workers who want to work in Malaysia through a licensed P3MI Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Malaysia: Formal-sector worker on a PLKS Plantation and agricultural worker; Factory production operator (manufacturing); Construction worker; Services worker, as stated in the work pass No data yet Pas Lawatan (Kerja Sementara) For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. MYR 1,700.00 per month about IDR 7,434,542 in force from 1 February 2025 Jabatan Tenaga Kerja Sarawak, Kementerian Sumber Manusia Malaysia Radio Televisyen Malaysia (Portal Berita RTM), quoting Kementerian Sumber Manusia Malaysia (official statement via media) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration Department of Malaysia (Jabatan Imigresen Malaysia) Plantation, factory, construction or service workers recruited through a P3MI for Malaysia Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Middle East: Domestic and other work for individual employers Domestic workers, nannies and private drivers for individual employers (banned during the moratorium) No data yet No data yet There is no legal placement through this route, so any request for a placement fee is a red flag. No data yet Moratorium Status as of 7 October 2026 JDIH Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan No legal route; this page explains the Middle East domestic work moratorium and its red flags Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Netherlands: Highly skilled migrant (kennismigrant) Highly skilled work for an IND-recognised employer No data yet Residence permit highly skilled migrant There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. EUR 3,122.00 per month about IDR 62,464,133 in force from 1 January 2026 Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND) Highly skilled professionals with a job offer from an IND-recognised employer Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
New Zealand: Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV) Full-time work of at least 30 hours a week for an accredited employer English: Required for skill level 3 to 5 jobs (ANZSCO or NOL) Accredited Employer Work Visa There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. NZD 23.95 per hour about IDR 240,150 in force from 1 April 2026 Employment New Zealand (MBIE) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration New Zealand Skilled workers with a job offer from an accredited employer in New Zealand Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
New Zealand: New Zealand working holiday visa No New Zealand working holiday route exists for Indonesian passport holders No data yet No data yet There is no legal placement through this route, so any request for a placement fee is a red flag. No data yet Not open to Indonesians Status as of 7 October 2026 Immigration New Zealand Not available to Indonesian passport holders; this page explains why Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Poland: Polish work permit (zezwolenie na pracę) Work for an employer in Poland that holds a work permit in your name No data yet Wiza typu D z prawem do pracy Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. PLN 4,806.00 per month in force from 1 January 2026 Sejm RP, Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (ELI) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Sejm RP, Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (ELI) Workers whose employer in Poland applies for their work permit Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Qatar: Formal work for legal-entity employers Formal jobs with companies, hotels, hospitals or projects run by legal entities, as listed in SISKOP2MI job orders No data yet No data yet Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. QAR 1,000.00 per month in force from 20 March 2021 International Labour Organization (ILO Project Office for the State of Qatar) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 JDIH Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Skilled workers for companies, hotels, hospitals or projects run by legal entities in Qatar Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Saudi Arabia: Formal work for legal-entity employers Formal jobs with companies, hotels, hospitals or projects run by legal entities, as listed in SISKOP2MI job orders No data yet No data yet Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 JDIH Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Skilled workers for companies, hotels or hospitals in Saudi Arabia, including health workers Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Singapore: Employment Pass for professionals, managers and executives Professional, managerial and executive jobs with an offer from a company in Singapore No data yet Employment Pass Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Ministry of Manpower, Singapore Professionals, managers and executives with a job offer that meets Singapore's EP criteria Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Singapore: Migrant domestic worker (MDW) Domestic worker at the employer's home address registered with MOM No data yet Work Permit for migrant domestic worker For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Ministry of Manpower, Singapore Domestic workers who want to work in Singapore through a licensed P3MI Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Singapore: S Pass for associate professionals and technicians Associate professional and technician jobs with an offer from a company in Singapore No data yet S Pass Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Ministry of Manpower, Singapore Technicians and mid-skilled workers with a job offer that meets S Pass criteria Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
South Korea: Employment Permit System (EPS) G to G, E-9 visa Manufacturing (E-9-1); Construction (E-9-2); Agriculture (E-9-3); Fishery (E-9-4); Service (E-9-5); Forestry (E-9-9); Mining (E-9-10) EPS-TOPIK (25 listening and 25 reading questions, 70 minutes): Above 80 out of 200, then passed in order of score up to the quota 비전문직 취업 (E-9), Non-Professional Employment The employer bears placement costs; you pay only the components officially announced for this programme, such as exam fees. Everything else stays with the employer. KRW 10,320 per hour about IDR 137,875 in force from 1 January 2026 Minimum Wage Commission, Republic of Korea (최저임금위원회) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Kementerian Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (KP2MI) Factory, farm or fishery workers who pass EPS-TOPIK through the G to G programme Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Taiwan: Live-in household caregiver Caregiver for an elderly or sick person, living in the employer's home No data yet 應聘居留簽證 (Resident visa for employment) For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. TWD 20,000.00 per month in force from 10 August 2022 Ministry of Labor, Taiwan (勞動部) Ministry of Labor, Taiwan (勞動部) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Ministry of Labor, Taiwan (勞動部) Workers experienced in caring for elderly or sick people, ready to live in the employer's home Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Taiwan: Migrant factory worker (manufacturing) Production operators in factories; Other manufacturing work covered by the employer's permit No data yet 應聘居留簽證 (Resident visa for employment) For placement through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs. You may be charged only costs that are written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. TWD 29,500.00 per month in force from 1 January 2026 Ministry of Labor, Taiwan (勞動部) Focus Taiwan (Central News Agency) (official statement via media) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Executive Yuan, Taiwan (行政院) Factory workers or production operators who want to work in Taiwanese manufacturing Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Taiwan: Migrant fishing crew on Taiwanese vessels Crew on distant-water fishing vessels; Crew on other fishing vessels No data yet No data yet Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Kementerian Hukum RI (peraturan.go.id) Crew members with complete seafarer documents who want to work on Taiwanese fishing vessels Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
Turkey: Turkish work permit (çalışma izni) Work for a specific employer under a fixed-term work permit (up to one year on first application) No data yet Work visa Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. TRY 1,101.00 per day in force from 1 January 2026 T.C. Resmî Gazete (Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı) Open Status as of 7 October 2026 T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Workers whose employer in Turkey applies for their work permit Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
United Arab Emirates: Formal work with a MoHRE work permit Hospitality; Healthcare; Construction No data yet Standard work visa Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. No data yet Open Status as of 7 October 2026 The Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae) Skilled workers for hotels, healthcare or construction in Dubai and the other emirates Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
United Kingdom: Care worker and senior care worker visa Care workers and home carers (occupation code 6135); Senior care workers (occupation code 6136) No data yet No data yet There is no legal placement through this route, so any request for a placement fee is a red flag. No data yet Closed Status as of 7 October 2026 Department of Health and Social Care (GOV.UK) Not for new applicants from Indonesia: this route is closed, and this page explains the facts Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
United Kingdom: Health and Care Worker visa for nurses and health professionals Registered nurses (occupation codes 2231 to 2237); Midwives, doctors, pharmacists and other listed health professionals Secure English Language Test (SELT), or an English assessment accepted by the NMC: B2 or above for new applicants Health and Care Worker visa Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. GBP 12.71 per hour about IDR 300,851 in force from 1 April 2026 HM Government (GOV.UK) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 UK Visas and Immigration (GOV.UK) Registered nurses and health professionals with a job offer from a UK sponsor Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
United Kingdom: Seasonal Worker visa Horticulture: planting, picking and packing fruit, vegetables or flowers; Poultry (2 October to 31 December) No data yet Seasonal Worker visa Through a P3MI, the employer bears placement costs; worker costs must be written and itemised in the Placement Agreement. Independent applications follow this route’s specific cost rules. GBP 12.71 per hour about IDR 300,851 in force from 1 April 2026 HM Government (GOV.UK) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 UK Visas and Immigration (GOV.UK) Farm and harvest workers looking for short seasonal work on UK farms Editorial judgement, not an official requirement
United Kingdom: Skilled Worker visa Jobs with an eligible occupation code, generally at RQF level 6, or listed on the immigration salary list or temporary shortage list Secure English Language Test (SELT) from an approved provider: B2 or above for new applicants Skilled Worker visa There is no placement agency; the applicant pays the visa fee and other requirements unless the employer covers them. Do not pay a placement fee to any middleman. GBP 33,400.00 per year about IDR 790,593,197 in force from 22 July 2025 Home Office (GOV.UK) UK Visas and Immigration (GOV.UK) Bank Indonesia Open Status as of 7 October 2026 Home Office (GOV.UK) Skilled workers with a job offer from a Home Office approved employer Editorial judgement, not an official requirement

Pay floors are the destination's official minimums, not offered wages; rupiah estimates use the Bank Indonesia middle rate. The Best for column is an editorial judgement, not an official requirement. Kementerian Hukum RI (peraturan.go.id) Kementerian Hukum RI (peraturan.go.id)

Download the data

Who is this comparison of work abroad routes for?

This comparison is for prospective Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) and their families who want to know which legal route fits before they register. KarirAman is a free career portal for finding work safely in Indonesia: role guides, official minimum wages, legal routes to work abroad and a fake-job checker. The table above brings the legal routes from our country and route pages into one place, so you can compare language requirements, visas, cost rules and official pay floors before you choose.

How do I read the route comparison table?

Each row is one legal route, and its name links to the full route page. The language test and visa columns come from the route page, with a link to the official visa page where there is one. The cost column explains who bears placement costs. The pay floor column shows the destination's official minimum wage in local currency, with a rupiah estimate at the dated Bank Indonesia middle rate; No data yet means we have no official figure. The status column shows the route's state on the date we last checked it. The Best for column is an editorial judgement.

What does the column on who pays placement costs mean?

The cost rules are always read in this order. First, Law 18/2017, Article 30(1): migrant workers may not be charged placement costs. Second, P2MI Regulation 17/2025: the employer bears placement costs, and the worker may be charged only costs written and itemised in the placement agreement. Third, any request for money outside that document, in cash or to a personal account, is a red flag. On routes without an agency, applicants usually pay their own visa fee; on G to G routes, only the components officially announced for that programme.

Japan, Korea or Taiwan: which legal route fits me?

No country is best for everyone, so KarirAman does not rank them. The right route depends on your field of work, the language test you can pass, your age, your education and whether the route is open. Start with the language test and status columns, then open the route page for age and document requirements. The Work Abroad Route Check tool can filter routes by your answers; your answers are not sent anywhere and are not stored.

Which routes have the highest minimum wage?

The minimum wages in the table cannot simply be compared, because some are hourly, some monthly and some differ by region, and the currencies differ. The rupiah estimate only helps you read the amount on the stated exchange-rate date; it is not the wage you will receive. Living costs, working hours, tax and dormitory charges also differ by country. A minimum wage is the official floor; the wage you are offered must be written in your employment contract.

Where does the table's data come from, and what are its limits?

Each row comes from a KarirAman route page that cites official sources of the destination and Indonesian rules, and each pay figure comes from a pay-abroad data record with its source and effective date. Routes whose last check is older than the time limit stated above the table are not shown. Limits: the table does not cover every route that exists, a route's status can change after the check date, exchange rates change daily, and the Best for column is an editorial judgement. This is not legal advice; always check the official sources before deciding.

A legal route can always be checked in a government source. For routes through an agency, find the P3MI and its job order on SISKOP2MI; Article 72(c) of Law 18/2017 bans placement without a SIP2MI. For G to G programmes, look for the announcement on the KP2MI website. For routes without an agency, make sure the visa is applied for through the destination's official website. If anyone asks for money outside the placement agreement or tells you to travel on a tourist visa, read fake overseas job offers and checking a licensed agency.

To filter routes by your age, education and language, use the Work Abroad Route Check. You arrange your passport and visa yourself through official channels; see Panduan Warga passport guide.

Printed from https://kariraman.com/en/work-abroad/compare/ on 8 October 2026.

Frequently asked questions

Why is a country missing from the table?

The table lists only routes whose pages have been checked within the time limit stated above the table and are ready to publish. Some countries also have no placement cooperation with Indonesia, for example Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand according to a statement by the minister for migrant worker protection in April 2025. The no-placement countries page explains this.

Does a route in the table guarantee that I will go?

No. The table shows legal routes and their rules, not vacancies. You still have to meet the requirements, pass the selection and get a visa. Official overseas vacancies are in the SISKOP2MI vacancy list or in KP2MI's G to G programme announcements, not with individual recruiters.

Can I cite or download this table?

Yes. The comparison data is available as CSV and JSON in the download section under a CC BY 4.0 licence. Credit KarirAman and the original publisher of each row, and use the text in the How to cite box so the data date is recorded.

Who wrote and reviewed this page?

Written by KarirAman editorial team Published Updated

Prepared with AI assistance. Checked against official sources and approved for publication by Kaiser Khan (editor). Approval date: .

Sources

The facts on this page come from these sources. Dates show when we opened them.

  1. Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Kementerian Hukum RI (peraturan.go.id) · UU 18/2017 · accessed
  2. Peraturan Menteri P2MI/Kepala BP2MI Nomor 17 Tahun 2025 tentang Biaya Penempatan Pekerja Migran Indonesia Kementerian Hukum RI (peraturan.go.id) · Permen P2MI 17/2025 · accessed
  3. SISKOP2MI: Daftar Lowongan KP2MI (SISKOP2MI) · accessed
  4. Fakta-fakta Target 425 Ribu PMI Tahun 2025 hingga WNI Dilarang Bekerja di 3 Negara Ini (Metro TV) Metro TV News · official statement via media · accessed
  5. Salary requirements for sponsored workers (Home Affairs) Department of Home Affairs, Australia · accessed
  6. Bank Indonesia: Kurs Transaksi BI (update terakhir 8 Oktober 2026) Bank Indonesia · accessed
  7. National Minimum Wage Order 2026 (PR799279), Fair Work Commission Fair Work Commission · PR799279 · accessed
  8. Working Holiday Maker program: status of country caps (Home Affairs) Department of Home Affairs, Australia · accessed
  9. Home Care Worker Immigration Pilots (IRCC) Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada · accessed
  10. Express Entry: who can apply (IRCC) Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada · accessed
  11. Mindestausbildungsvergütung (BIBB) Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB) · accessed
  12. § 16a Aufenthaltsgesetz: Berufsausbildung; berufliche Weiterbildung Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de) · AufenthG § 16a · accessed
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How to cite

KarirAman (2026). Compare legal routes to work abroad: requirements, language, costs and minimum pay. Updated 8 October 2026. https://kariraman.com/en/work-abroad/compare/. Licence: CC BY 4.0.

CC BY 4.0 applies to the KarirAman compilation. Every row names its original publisher; credit both KarirAman and the original publisher when you use this data. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

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